The neonatal period is defined as an infant's first four weeks of life. Many complex physiologic changes occur during this period, and the infant interacts with various stimuli. During this time, care should be continuous and effective. A complete physical exam, the administration of prophylactic medications and vaccines, adequate feedings, safe sleep, newborn hygiene, and other important areas for baby wellbeing comprise newborn care. A thorough physical examination is performed to look for any abnormalities. A preferred method is a head-to-toe approach. Starting with the head, look for hematomas, subcutaneous swelling, suture overriding, and anterior and posterior fontanelle patency. Before sending the baby home, the symmetry and size of the eyes, as well as any subconjunctival hemorrhage, should be evaluated, and red reflexes should be elicited. The nose is examined for patency and symmetry of the nares. The hard and soft palates are palpated and examined in the mouth to rule out cleft palate or other abnormalities, as well as the sucking reflex. The ears are examined for size, ear canal patency, malformations, skin tags, and pits. Neck palpation determines mass and range of motion. Palpation of the clavicles is also recommended to ensure continuity and rule out fractures. Examine the chest for symmetry and the location of the nipples in relation to the clavicular midline.
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